9/24/2023 0 Comments Scn1a dendrite axon![]() Dendritic and postsynaptic protein synthetic machinery. Actin-based plasticity in dendritic spines. The synaptic spinule in the dendritic spine: electron microscopic study of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Postsynaptic membrane and spine apparatus: proximity in dendritic spines. Axo-somatic and axo-denritic synapses of the cerebral cortex: an electron microscope study. Fine Structure of the Nervous System (Oxford Univ. Palay proposed that structures of the protein-synthetic pathway are present in dendrites at long distances from the cell body. One of the first characterizations of membrane structures in dendrites using electron microscopy. Ultrastructural basis for gene expression at the synapse: synapse-associated polyribosome complexes. Selective localization of polyribosomes beneath developing synapses: a quantitative analysis of the relationships between polyribosomes and developing synapses in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus. Protein-synthetic machinery at postsynaptic sites during synaptogenesis: a quantitative study of the association between polyribosomes and developing synapses. Polyribosomes under developing spine synapses: growth specializations of dendrites at sites of synaptogenesis. ![]() Dendritic integration of excitatory synaptic input. There is, however, little evidence yet for axonal translation of mRNAs in vertebrates. Much of this evidence comes from invertebrate axons, but it is clear that mRNAs are also found in vertebrate axons. There is also evidence for mRNA localization and protein synthesis in axons. Various models have been proposed in which local protein synthesis in dendrites could allow specific synaptic plasticity. Long-term plasticity in some neurons requires dendritic protein synthesis. Stimulation-dependent protein translation in dendrites could have important functional consequences, possibly providing a mechanism for specific, activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength.These sites are heterogeneous, with some showing linear translation and others showing exponential translation. It can be enhanced by stimulation with an agonist for metabotropic glutamate receptors or with neurotrophins, and seems to occur at specific, immobile locations in the dendrite. Translation of mRNAs into proteins occurs in dendrites, even when they are isolated from the cell body. RNA-binding proteins might be important for mRNA localization. It is unclear how mRNAs are targeted to dendrites, but there is evidence implicating the 3′- and 5′-untranslated regions of mRNAs in this process. Specific mRNAs are actively transported to the dendrites, and this transport can be altered by neuronal stimulation. These mRNAs include those coding for neurotransmitter receptors, kinases and transcription factors. Different dendrites of a single neuron can contain different mRNAs, or the same mRNAs at different abundances. They also contain mRNAs, which can be amplified, identified and quantified. This article reviews the possible mechanisms for mRNA localization in neuronal processes, and the evidence for their translation, as well as the regulation and possible functional implications of dendritic translation.ĭendrites contain the structural machinery needed for protein translation. Messenger RNAs and the structures needed for protein translation have been found in neuronal dendrites and axons.
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